Explanation:
Digital certificates must be managed by an independent trusted source in order to maintain trust in their authenticity. The other options are not necessarily entrusted with this capability.

Explanation:
The information security manager is responsible for raising awareness of the need for adequate funding for risk-related action plans. Even though the chief information officer (CIO), chief financial officer (CFO) and business unit management are involved in the final approval of fund expenditure, it is the information security manager who has the ultimate responsibility for raising awareness.

Explanation:
The capability maturity model (CMM) grades each defined area of security processes on a scale of 0 to 5 based on their maturity, and is commonly used by entities to measure their existing state and then determine the desired one. Security audit reports offer a limited view of the current state of security. Balanced scorecard is a document that enables management to measure the implementation of their strategy and assists in its translation into action. Systems and business security architecture explain the security architecture of an entity in terms of business strategy, objectives, relationships, risks, constraints and enablers, and provides a business-driven and business-focused view of security architecture.

Explanation:
While choices B, C and D will all assist the currency and coverage of the program, its governance oversight mechanisms are the best method.

Explanation:
The research and development department is usually the most sensitive area of the pharmaceutical organization, Theft of a laptop from this area could result in the disclosure of sensitive formulas and other intellectual property which could represent the greatest security breach. A pharmaceutical organization does not normally have direct contact with end customers and their transactions are not time critical: therefore, compromised customer information and unavailability of online transactions are not the most significant security risks. Theft of security tokens would not be as significant since a pin would still be required for their use.

Explanation:
Data owners are responsible for determining data classification; in this case, management of the finance department would be the owners of accounting ledger data. The database administrator (DBA) and IT management are the custodians of the data who would apply the appropriate security levels for the classification, while the security manager would act as an advisor and enforcer.

Explanation:
Risk assessment identifies the appropriate controls to mitigate identified business risks that the program should implement to protect the business. Peer industry best practices, international standards and continued process improvement can be used to support the program, but these cannot be blindly implemented without the consideration of business risk.

Explanation:
Competitions and rewards are a positive encouragement to user participation in the security program. Merely locking users out for forgetting their passwords does not enhance user awareness. Enforcement of password formats and disciplinary actions do not positively promote awareness.

Explanation:
Although business process owners, an information security manager and the security steering committee may provide input regarding a configuration management plan, its final approval is the primary responsibility of IT senior management.

Explanation:
Merging with or acquiring another organization causes a major impact on an information security management function because new vulnerabilities and risks are inherited. Opening a new office, moving the data center to a new site, or rewiring a network may have information security risks, but generally comply with corporate security policy and are easier to secure.