Explanation: In eavesdropping, dumpster diving, and shoulder surfing, the attacker violates the confidentiality of a system without affecting its state. Hence, they are considered passive attacks.

Explanation: Teardrop is an attack with IP fragments that cannot be reassembled. In this attack, corrupt packets are sent to the victim’s computer by using IP’s packet fragmentation algorithm. As a result of this attack, the victim’s computer might hang. Answer: D is incorrect. Smurf is an ICMP attack that involves spoofing and flooding. Answer: C is incorrect. Dictionary attack is a type of password guessing attack. This type of attack uses a dictionary of common words to find out the password of a user. It can also use common words in either upper or lower case to find a password. There are many programs available on the Internet to automate and execute dictionary attacks. Answer: A is incorrect. A password guessing attack occurs when an unauthorized user tries to log on repeatedly to a computer or network by guessing usernames and passwords. Many password guessing programs that attempt to break passwords are available on the Internet. Following are the types of password guessing attacks: Brute force attack Dictionary attack

Explanation: Technical access controls include IDS systems, encryption, network segmentation, and antivirus controls. Answer: D is incorrect. The policies and procedures implemented by an organization come under administrative access controls. Answer: A is incorrect. Security guards, locks on the gates, and alarms come under physical access controls. Answer: C is incorrect. There is no such type of access control as power control.

Explanation: The following can be used to accomplish authentication: 1.Password 2.Biometrics 3.Token A password is a secret word or string of characters that is used for authentication, to prove identity, or gain access to a resource.

Explanation: A disaster recovery plan is a complete statement of reliable actions to be taken before, during, and after a disruptive event that causes a considerable loss of information systems resources. The chief objective of a disaster recovery plan is to provide an organized way to make decisions if a disruptive event occurs. Disaster recovery planning is a subset of a larger process known as business continuity planning and should include planning for resumption of applications, data, hardware, communications (such as networking), and other IT infrastructure. A business continuity plan (BCP) includes planning for non-IT related aspects such as key personnel, facilities, crisis communication, and reputation protection, and should refer to the disaster recovery plan (DRP) for IT-related infrastructure recovery/continuity. Answer: D is incorrect. Business Continuity Planning (BCP) is the creation and validation of a practiced logistical plan for how an organization will recover and restore partially or completely interrupted critical (urgent) functions within a predetermined time after a disaster or extended disruption. The logistical plan is called a business continuity plan. Answer: B is incorrect. The Continuity Of Operation Plan (COOP) refers to the preparations and institutions maintained by the United States government, providing survival of federal government operations in the case of catastrophic events. It provides procedures and capabilities to sustain an organization’s essential. COOP is the procedure documented to ensure persistent critical operations throughout any period where normal operations are unattainable. Answer: A is incorrect. A contingency plan is a plan devised for a specific situation when things could go wrong. Contingency plans are often devised by governments or businesses who want to be prepared for anything that could happen. Contingency plans include specific strategies and actions to deal with specific variances to assumptions resulting in a particular problem, emergency, or state of affairs. They also include a monitoring process and “triggers” for initiating planned actions. They are required to help governments, businesses, or individuals to recover from serious incidents in the minimum time with minimum cost and disruption.

Explanation: Top-Down Approach is an approach to build a security program. The initiation, support, and direction come from the top management and work their way through middle management and then to staff members. It is treated as the best approach. This approach ensures that the senior management, who is ultimately responsible for protecting the company assets, is driving the program. Bottom-Up Approach is an approach to build a security program. The lower-end team comes up with a security control or a program without proper management support and direction. It is less effective and doomed to fail. Answer: A and B are incorrect. No such types of approaches exist

Explanation: The configuration status accounting procedure is the ability to record and report on the configuration baselines associated with each configuration item at any moment of time. It supports the functional and physical attributes of software at various points in time, and performs systematic control of accounting to the identified attributes for the purpose of maintaining software integrity and traceability throughout the software development life cycle. The configuration status and accounting process keeps track of the changes so that the latest acceptable configuration specifications are readily available. Answer: C is incorrect. The verification and audit processes seek to establish a high level of confidence in how well the Configuration Management activity is working. Answer: A is incorrect. Configuration control is a procedure of the Configuration management. Configuration control is a set of processes and approval stages required to change a configuration item’s attributes and to re-baseline them. It supports the change of the functional and physical attributes of software at various points in time, and performs systematic control of changes to the identified attributes. Answer: D is incorrect. Configuration identification is the process of identifying the attributes that define every aspect of a configuration item. A configuration item is a product (hardware and/or software) that has an end-user purpose. These attributes are recorded in configuration documentation and baselined. Baselining an attribute forces formal configuration change control processes to be effected in the event that these attributes are changed.

Explanation: A technical effort is described as any activity, which has an effect on defining, designing, building, or implementing a task, requirement, or procedure. The technical effort is an element of technical management that is required to progress efficiently and effectively from a business need to the deployment and operation of the system.

Explanation: Graybox testing is a combination of whitebox testing and blackbox testing. In graybox testing, the test engineer is equipped with the knowledge of system and designs test cases or test data based on system knowledge. The security tester typically performs graybox testing to find vulnerabilities in software and network system. Answer: C is incorrect. Whitebox testing is a testing technique in which an organization provides full knowledge about the infrastructure to the testing team. The information, provided by the organization, often includes network diagrams, source codes, and IP addressing information of the infrastructure to be tested. Answer: A is incorrect. Integration testing is a logical extension of unit testing. It is performed to identify the problems that occur when two or more units are combined into a component. During integration testing, a developer combines two units that have already been tested into a component, and tests the interface between the two units. Although integration testing can be performed in various ways, the following three approaches are generally used: The top-down approach The bottom-up approach The umbrella approach Answer: B is incorrect. Regression testing can be performed any time when a program needs to be modified either to add a feature or to fix an error. It is a process of repeating Unit testing and Integration testing whenever existing tests need to be performed again along with the new tests. Regression testing is performed to ensure that no existing errors reappear, and no new errors are introduced.

Explanation: Tamper resistance is resistance tampered by the users of a product, package, or system, or the users who can physically access it. It includes simple as well as complex devices. The complex device encrypts all the information between individual chips, or renders itself inoperable. Tamper resistance is generally used in packages in order to determine package or product tampering. Answer: B is incorrect. Tamper evident specifies a process or device that makes unauthorized access to the protected object easily detected. Answer: D is incorrect. Tamper proofing makes computers resistant to interference. Tamper proofing measures include automatic removal of sensitive information, automatic shutdown, and automatic physical locking. Answer: C is incorrect. Tamper data is used to view and modify the HTTP or HTTPS headers and post parameters.