Repeaters offer the simplest form of connectivity. They regenerate received electrical signals at their original strength between cable segments. Bridges are devices used to connect similar or dissimilar LANs together to form an extended LAN. Routers provide packet routing between network segments. Brouter are devices that combine router and bridge functionality. Source: HARRIS, Shon, All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide, McGraw-Hill/Osborne, 2002, chapter 7: Telecommunications and Network Security (page 397).

A network topology defines the manner in which the network devices are organized to facilitate communications. Common LAN technologies are:
bus ring star meshed
LAN transmission methods refer to the way packets are sent on the network and are:
unicast multicast broadcast
LAN transmission protocols are the rules for communicating between computers on a LAN. Common LAN transmission protocols are:
CSMA/CD polling token-passing
LAN media access methods control the use of a network (physical and data link layers). They can be:
Ethernet ARCnet Token ring FDDI
Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 3: Telecommunications and Network Security (page 105).

IEEE 802.3 specifies the standard for Ethernet and uses CSMA/CD, not token-passing.
Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 3: Telecommunications and Network Security (page 104).

Categories 1 through 6 are based on the EIA/TIA-568-B standards.
On the newer wiring for LANs is CAT5e, an improved version of CAT5 which used to be outside of the standard, for more information on twisted pair, please see: twisted pair.
Category Cable Type Mhz Usage Speed
============================================= CAT1 UTP Analog voice, Plain Old Telephone System (POTS) CAT2 UTP 4 Mbps on Token Ring, also used on Arcnet networks CAT3 UTP, ScTP, STP 16 MHz 10 Mbps CAT4 UTP, ScTP, STP 20 MHz 16 Mbps on Token Ring Networks CAT5 UTP, ScTP, STP 100 MHz 100 Mbps on ethernet, 155 Mbps on ATM CAT5e UTP, ScTP, STP 100 MHz 1 Gbps (out of standard version, improved version of CAT5) CAT6 UTP, ScTP, STP 250 MHz 10 Gbps CAT7 ScTP, STP 600 M 100 Gbps
Category 6 has a minumum of 250 MHz of bandwidth. Allowing 10/100/1000 use with up to 100 meter cable length, along with 10GbE over shorter distances.
Category 6a or Augmented Category 6 has a minimum of 500 MHz of bandwidth. It is the newest standard and allows up to 10GbE with a length up to 100m.
Category 7 is a future cabling standard that should allow for up to 100GbE over 100 meters of cable. Expected availability is in 2013. It has not been approved as a cable standard, and anyone now selling you Cat. 7 cable is fooling you.
REFERENCES: http://donutey.com/ethernet.php http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIA/EIA-568-B http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_1_cable

In tunnel mode, the entire packet is encrypted and encased into an IPSec packet.
In transport mode, only the datagram (payload) is encrypted, leaving the IP address visible within the IP header.
Authentication mode and safe mode are not defined IPSec operational modes.
Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 3: Telecommunications and Network Security (page 96).

A SOCKS based server operates at the Session layer of the OSI model.
SOCKS is an Internet protocol that allows client-server applications to transparently use the services of a network firewall. SOCKS is an abbreviation for “SOCKetS”. As of Version 5 of SOCK, both UDP and TCP is supported.
One of the best known circuit-level proxies is SOCKS proxy server. The basic purpose of the protocol is to enable hosts on one side of a SOCKS server to gain access to hosts on the other side of a SOCKS Server, without requiring direct “IP-reachability”
The protocol was originally developed by David Koblas, a system administrator of MIPS Computer Systems. After MIPS was taken over by Silicon Graphics in 1992, Koblas presented a paper on SOCKS at that year’s Usenix Security Symposium and SOCKS became publicly available. The protocol was extended to version 4 by Ying-Da Lee of NEC.
SOCKS includes two components, the SOCKS server and the SOCKS client.
The SOCKS protocol performs four functions:
Making connection requests Setting up proxy circuits Relaying application data Performing user authentication (optional)
Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 3: Telecommunications and Network Security (page 96). and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOCKS and http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1928.html and The ISC2 OIG on page 619

L2TP and PPTP were both designed for individual client to server connections; they enable only a single point-to-point connection per session. Dial-up VPNs use L2TP often. Both L2TP and PPTP operate at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. PPTP uses native PPP authentication and encryption services and L2TP is a combination of PPTP and Layer 2 Forwarding protocol (L2F).
Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 3: Telecommunications and Network Security (page 95).

PPTP operates at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model and uses native PPP authentication and encryption services. Designed for individual client to server connections, it enables only a single point-to-point connection per session.
PPTP -Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol -extends the Point to Point Protocol (PPP) standard for traditional dial-up networking. PPTP is best suited for the remote access applications of VPNs, but it also supports LAN internetworking. PPTP operates at Layer 2 of the OSI model.
Using PPTP PPTP packages data within PPP packets, then encapsulates the PPP packets within IP packets (datagrams) for transmission through an Internet-based VPN tunnel. PPTP supports data encryption and compression of these packets. PPTP also uses a form of General Routing Encapsulation (GRE) to get data to and from its final destination.
Reference(s) used for this question: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 3: Telecommunications and Network Security (page 95). and http://compnetworking.about.com/od/vpn/l/aa030103a.htm and http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc768084.aspx

CHAP is an authentication mechanism for point-to-point protocol connections that encrypt the user’s password. It is a protocol that uses a three-way handshake. The server sends the client a challenge, which includes a random value (a nonce) to thwart replay attacks. The client responds with a MD5 hash of the nonce and the password. The authentication is successful if the client’s response is the one that the server expected.
The VPN communication protocol standards listed above are PPTP, L2TP and IPSec.
PPTP and L2TP operate at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model and enable only a single point-to-point connection per session.
The following are incorrect answers:
PPTP uses native PPP authentication and encryption services. Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) is a VPN protocol that runs over other protocols. PPTP relies on generic routing encapsulation (GRE) to build the tunnel between the endpoints. After the user authenticates, typically with Microsoft Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol version 2 (MSCHAPv2), a Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) session creates a tunnel using GRE.
L2TP is a combination of PPTP and the earlier Layer 2 Forwarding protocol (L2F). Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) is a hybrid of Cisco’s Layer 2 Forwarding (L2F) and Microsoft’s PPTP. It allows callers over a serial line using PPP to connect over the Internet to a remote network. A dial-up user connects to his ISP’s L2TP access concentrator (LAC) with a PPP connection. The LAC encapsulates the PPP packets into L2TP and forwards it to the remote network’s layer 2 network server (LNS). At this point, the LNS authenticates the dial-up user. If authentication is successful, the dial-up user will have access to the remote network.
IPSec operates at the network layer (layer 3) and enables multiple simultaneous tunnels. IP Security (IPSec) is a suite of protocols for communicating securely with IP by providing mechanisms for authenticating and encryption. Implementation of IPSec is mandatory in IPv6, and many organizations are using it over IPv4. Further, IPSec can be implemented in two modes, one that is appropriate for end-to-end protection and one that safeguards traffic between networks.
Reference used for this question: Hernandez CISSP, Steven (2012-12-21). Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP CBK, Third Edition ((ISC)2 Press) (Kindle Locations 7067-7071). Auerbach Publications. Kindle Edition. and Hernandez CISSP, Steven (2012-12-21). Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP CBK, Third Edition ((ISC)2 Press) (Kindle Locations 6987-6990). Auerbach Publications. Kindle Edition.