One the most secure implementations of firewall architectures is the screened-subnet firewall. It employs two packet-filtering routers and a bastion host. Like a screened host firewall, this firewall supports both packet-filtering and proxy services. Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 3: Telecommunications and Network Security (page 93).

Packets in a stateful inspection firewall are queued and then analyzed at all OSI layers, providing a more complete inspection of the data. By examining the state and context of the incoming data packets, it helps to track the protocols that are considered “connectionless”, such as UDP-based applications and Remote Procedure Calls (RPC). Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 3: Telecommunications and Network Security (page 91).

All the previous protocols operate at the transport layer except for Secure HTTP (S-HTTP), which operates at the application layer. S-HTTP has been replaced by SSL and TLS.
As it is very well explained in the Shon Harris book:
The transport layer receives data from many different applications and assembles the data into a stream to be properly transmitted over the network. The main protocols that work at this layer are TCP, UDP, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), and Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX).
NOTE: Different references can place specific protocols at different layers. For example, many references place the SSL protocol in the session layer, while other references place it in the transport layer. It is not that one is right or wrong. The OSI model tries to draw boxes around reality, but some protocols straddle the different layers. SSL is made up of two protocols— one works in the lower portion of the session layer and the other works in the transport layer. For purposes of the CISSP exam, SSL resides in the transport layer.
Reference(s) used for this question: Harris, Shon (2012-10-18). CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, 6th Edition (p. 526). McGraw-Hill. Kindle Edition.

The reverse address resolution protocol (RARP) sends out a packet including a MAC address and a request to be informed of the IP address that should be assigned to that MAC.
Diskless workstations do not have a full operating system but have just enough code to know how to boot up and broadcast for an IP address, and they may have a pointer to the server that holds the operating system. The diskless workstation knows its hardware address, so it broadcasts this information so that a listening server can assign it the correct IP address.
As with ARP, Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) frames go to all systems on the subnet, but only the RARP server responds. Once the RARP server receives this request, it looks in its table to see which IP address matches the broadcast hardware address. The server then sends a message that contains its IP address back to the requesting computer. The system now has an IP address and can function on the network.
The Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) was created after RARP to enhance the functionality that RARP provides for diskless workstations. The diskless workstation can receive its IP address, the name server address for future name resolutions, and the default gateway address from the BOOTP server. BOOTP usually provides more functionality to diskless workstations than does RARP.
The evolution of this protocol has unfolded as follows: RARP evolved into BOOTP, which evolved into DHCP.
The following are incorrect answers:
NAT is a tool that is used for masking true IP addresses by employing internal addresses. ARP does the opposite of RARP, it finds the MAC address that maps with an existing IP address. Data Link layer The Data Link layer is not a protocol; it is represented at layer 2 of the OSI model. In the TCP/IP model, the Data Link and Physical layers are combined into the Network Access layer, which is sometimes called the Link layer or the Network Interface layer.
Reference(s) used for this question: Harris, Shon (2012-10-25). CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, 6th Edition, Telecommunications and Network Security, Page 584585 and also 598. For Kindle users see Kindle Locations 12348-12357. McGraw-Hill. and KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 3: Telecommunications and Network Security (page 87).

The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is used to match an IP address to an Ethernet address so the packet can be sent to the appropriate node.
Shon Harris in her book says: MAC and IP addresses must be properly mapped so they can be correctly resolved. This happens through the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). When the data link layer receives a frame, the network layer has already attached the destination IP address to it, but the data link layer cannot understand the IP address and thus invokes ARP for help.
ARP broadcasts a frame requesting the MAC address that corresponds with the destination IP address. Each computer on the subnet receives this broadcast frame, and all but the computer that has the requested IP address ignore it.
The computer that has the destination IP address responds with its MAC address. Now ARP knows what hardware address corresponds with that specific IP address. The data link layer takes the frame, adds the hardware address to it, and passes it on to the physical layer, which enables the frame to hit the wire and go to the destination computer.
ARP maps the hardware address and associated IP address and stores this mapping in its table for a predefined amount of time. This caching is done so that when another frame destined for the same IP address needs to hit the wire, ARP does not need to broadcast its request again. It just looks in its table for this information.
Man-In-The-Middle attack Because ARP does not require authentication, an attacker could place bogus entries into the ARP cache of a remote host (gratuitous ARP replies) to carry out attacks, such as a man-in-the-middle attacks. This attack is called ARP poisoning.
The following answers were incorrect:
RARP is used to match an Ethernet address to an IP address. ICMP is a management protocol whose function is to send message between network devices. Routing tables are used by routers to choose the appropriate interface to route packets.
Reference(s) used for this question: Harris, Shon (2012-10-25). CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, 6th Edition, Chapter 6 Telecommunications and Network Security, Pages 580-581 or on the Kindle edition look around Locations 12298-12306. McGraw-Hill. Kindle Edition. and Schneiter, Andrew (2013-04-15). Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP CBK , Third Edition: Telecommunications and Network Security, Page 342.

UDP is a scaled-down version of TCP. It is used like TCP, but only offers a “best effort” delivery. It is connectionless, does not offer error correction, does not sequence the packet segments, and less reliable than TCP but because of its lower overhead, it provides a faster transmission than TCP. Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 3: Telecommunications and Network Security (page 86).

TCP provides a full-duplex, connection-oriented, reliable, virtual circuit. It handles the sequencing and retransmission of lost packets. Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 3: Telecommunications and Network Security (page 85).

The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is implemented at the host-to-host transport layer, not at the internet layer.
Protocol at what layer? Ensure you are familiar with both the OSI model and the DoD TCP/IP model as well. You need to know how to contrast the two side by side and what are the names being used on both side. Below you have a graphic showing the two and how things maps between the two as well as some of the most common protcolos found at each of the layers: Protocols at what layers of the DoD TCP/IP model

Graphic from http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc958821.aspx
The following are incorrect answers: All of the other protocols sit at the Internet Layer of the TCP/IP model.
NOTE: Some reference are calling the Transport layer on the DoD model Host-to-Host.
Reference(s) used for this question: Shon Harris, CISSP All In One (AIO), 6th edition , Telecommunication and Network Security, Page 518,534 and KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 3: Telecommunications and Network Security (page 85). and Microsoft Technet at http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc958821.aspx

Whereas the host-to-host layer (equivalent to the OSI’s transport layer) provides end-to-end data delivery service, flow control, to the application layer.
The four layers in the DoD model, from top to bottom, are:
The Application Layer contains protocols that implement user-level functions, such as mail delivery, file transfer and remote login.
The Host-to-Host Layer handles connection rendez vous, flow control, retransmission of lost data, and other generic data flow management between hosts. The mutually exclusive TCP and UDP protocols are this layer’s most important members.
The Internet Layer is responsible for delivering data across a series of different physical networks that interconnect a source and destination machine. Routing protocols are most closely associated with this layer, as is the IP Protocol, the Internet’s fundamental protocol.
The Network Access Layer is responsible for delivering data over the particular hardware media in use. Different protocols are selected from this layer, depending on the type of physical network The OSI model organizes communication services into seven groups called layers. The layers are as follows:
Layer 7, The Application Layer: The application layer serves as a window for users and application processes to access network services. It handles issues such as network transparency, resource allocation, etc. This layer is not an application in itself, although some applications may perform application layer functions.
Layer 6, The Presentation Layer: The presentation layer serves as the data translator for a network. It is usually a part of an operating system and converts incoming and outgoing data from one presentation format to another. This layer is also known as syntax layer.
Layer 5, The Session Layer: The session layer establishes a communication session between processes running on different communication entities in a network and can support a message-mode data transfer. It deals with session and connection coordination.
Layer 4, The Transport Layer: The transport layer ensures that messages are delivered in the order in which they are sent and that there is no loss or duplication. It ensures complete data transfer. This layer provides an additional connection below the Session layer and assists with managing some data flow control between hosts. Data is divided into packets on the sending node, and the receiving node’s Transport layer reassembles the message from packets. This layer is also responsible for error checking to guarantee error-free data delivery, and requests a retransmission if necessary. It is also responsible for sending acknowledgments of successful transmissions back to the sending host. A number of protocols run at the Transport layer, including TCP, UDP, Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX), and NWLink.
Layer 3, The Network Layer: The network layer controls the operation of the subnet. It determines the physical path that data takes on the basis of network conditions, priority of service, and other factors. The network layer is responsible for routing and forwarding data packets.
Layer 2, The Data-Link Layer: The data-link layer is responsible for error free transfer of data frames. This layer provides synchronization for the physical layer. ARP and RARP would be found at this layer.
Layer 1, The Physical Layer: The physical layer is responsible for packaging and transmitting data on the physical media. This layer conveys the bit stream through a network at the electrical and mechanical level.
See a great flash animation on the subject at:
http://www.maris.com/content/applets/flash/comp/fa0301.swf Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 3: Telecommunications and Network Security (page 85). Also: HARRIS, Shon, All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide, McGraw-Hill/Osborne, 2002, chapter 7: Telecommunications and Network Security (page 344).

The Internet layer corresponds to the OSI’s network layer. It handles the routing of packets among multiple networks. Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 3: Telecommunications and Network Security (page 85).