Explanation:
Quality concerns all levels of management and staff. Its success requires participation from all members of the project team with management providing the needed resources to succeed.

Explanation:
Pareto diagrams are histograms, ordered by frequency of occurrence, that show how many results were generated by type or category of identified cause. The project team should take action to fix the problems that are causing the greatest number of defects
first. Pareto diagrams are based on Pareto’s Law, which holds that a relatively small number of causes will typically produce a large majority of defects, also called the “solzo rule.”

Explanation:
Sampling and probability form the basis of statistical process control, which helps the team monitor project results for compliance with relevant quality standards so that methods can be identified to eliminate causes of unsatisfactory results.

Explanation:
Processes should be changed only through established change procedures. If the process is outside acceptable limits, it should be adjusted.

Explanation:
Prevention costs include any expenditure directed toward ensuring that quality is achieved the first time.

Explanation:
Attribute sampling determines whether a result does or does not conform. Variables sampling rates a result on a continuous scale to measure the degree of conformity.

Explanation:
Quality improvement includes action taken to increase project effectiveness and efficiency in order to provide added benefits to stakeholders. A breakthrough attacks chronic losses, or in Deming’s terminology, common causes of variation.

Explanation:
The Taguchi method is used to estimate the loss associated with controlling or failing to control process variability. It is based on the principle that by carefully selecting design parameters to produce robust designs, an organization can produce products that are
more forgiving and tolerant. The tool helps determine the value or break-even point of improving a process to reduce variability.

Explanation:
This technique is used to identify which variables have the most influence. It is a statistical method to identify the factors that may influence specific variables of a product or process under development or in production. For example, roller blade designers might
want to determine which combination of number of wheels and titanium ball bearings would produce the most desirable “ride” characteristics at a reasonable cost. This technique, however, can be applied to project management issues such as cost and schedule
trade-offs. An appropriately designed “experiment” often will help project managers to find an optimal solution from a relatively limited number of options, and often it help to determine the number and type of tests to use and their impact on quality.

Explanation:
If a company has paid $100,000 to gain 98% quality and it would cost an additional $25,000 to gain the other 2%, this is known as the law of diminishing returns.