Explanation: Audit trail or audit log comes under detective controls. Detective controls are the audit controls that are not needed to be restricted. Any control that performs a monitoring activity can likely be defined as a Detective Control. For example, it is possible that mistakes, either intentional or unintentional, can be made. Therefore, an additional Protective control is that these companies must have their financial results audited by an independent Certified Public Accountant. The role of this accountant is to act as an auditor. In fact, any auditor acts as a Detective control. If the organization in question has not properly followed the rules, a diligent auditor should be able to detect the deficiency which indicates that some control somewhere has failed. Answer: A is incorrect. Reactive or corrective controls typically work in response to a detective control, responding in such a way as to alert or otherwise correct an unacceptable condition. Using the example of account rules, either the internal Audit Committee or the SEC itself, based on the report generated by the external auditor, will take some corrective action. In this way, they are acting as a Corrective or Reactive control. Answer: C and D are incorrect. Protective or preventative controls serve to proactively define and possibly enforce acceptable behaviors. As an example, a set of common accounting rules are defined and must be followed by any publicly traded company. Each quarter, any particular company must publicly state its current financial standing and accounting as reflected by an application of these rules. These accounting rules and the SEC requirements serve as protective or preventative controls.

Explanation: The main purposes of a Regulatory policy are as follows: It ensures that an organization is following the standard procedures or base practices of operation in its specific industry. It gives an organization the confidence that it is following the standard and accepted industry policy. Answer: B and A are incorrect. These are the policy elements of Senior Management Statement of Policy.

Explanation: The structured walk-through test is also known as the table-top exercise. In structured walk-through test, the team members walkthrough the plan to identify and correct weaknesses and how they will respond to the emergency scenarios by stepping in the course of the plan. It is the most effective and competent way to identify the areas of overlap in the plan before conducting more challenging training exercises. Answer: A is incorrect. In full-scale exercise, the critical systems run at an alternate site. Answer: B is incorrect. The emergency management group and response teams actually perform their emergency response functions by walking through the test, without actually initiating recovery procedures. But it is not much cost effective. Answer: D is incorrect. It is a test performed when personnel walks through the evacuation route to a designated area where procedures for accounting for the personnel are tested.

Explanation: ISO 27003 is an information security standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). It is entitled as “Information Technology – Security techniques Information security management system implementation guidance”. The ISO 27003 standard provides guidelines for implementing an ISMS (Information Security Management System). It mainly focuses upon the PDCA method along with establishing, implementing, reviewing, and improving the ISMS itself. The ISO 27003 standard contains the following elements: Introduction Scope Terms and Definitions CSFs (Critical success factors) Guidance on process approach Guidance on using PDCA Guidance on Plan Processes Guidance on Do Processes Guidance on Check Processes Guidance on Act Processes Inter-Organization Co-operation Answer: B is incorrect. This element is included in the ISO 27005 standard. Answer: D is incorrect. This element is included in the ISO 27006 standard.

Explanation: It is not a responsibility of a data owner. The data custodian (information custodian) is responsible for maintaining and protecting the data. Answer: B, A, and C are incorrect. All of these are responsibilities of a data owner. The roles and responsibilities of a data owner are as follows: The data owner (information owner) is usually a member of management, in charge of a specific business unit, and is ultimately responsible for the protection and use of a specific subset of information. The data owner decides upon the classification of the data that he is responsible for and alters that classification if the business needs arise. This person is also responsible for ensuring that the necessary security controls are in place, ensuring that proper access rights are being used, defining security requirements per classification and backup requirements, approving any disclosure activities, and defining user access criteria. The data owner approves access requests or may choose to delegate this function to business unit managers. And it is the data owner who will deal with security violations pertaining to the data he is responsible for protecting. The data owner, who obviously has enough on his plate, delegates responsibility of the day-to-day maintenance of the data protection mechanisms to the data custodian.

Explanation: C&A consists of four phases in a DITSCAP assessment. These phases are the same as NIACAP phases. The order of these phases is as follows: 1.Definition: The definition phase is focused on understanding the IS business case, the mission, environment, and architecture. This phase determines the security requirements and level of effort necessary to achieve Certification & Accreditation (C&A). 2.Verification: The second phase confirms the evolving or modified system’s compliance with the information. The verification phase ensures that the fully integrated system will be ready for certification testing. 3.Validation: The third phase confirms abidance of the fully integrated system with the security policy. This phase follows the requirements slated in the SSAA. The objective of the validation phase is to show the required evidence to support the DAA in accreditation process. 4.Post Accreditation: The Post Accreditation is the final phase of DITSCAP assessment and it starts after the system has been certified and accredited for operations. This phase ensures secure system management, operation, and maintenance to save an acceptable level of residual risk.

Explanation: The CIA (Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability) triangle is concerned with three facets of security. Confidentiality is the concern that data be secure from unauthorized access. Answer: B and C are incorrect. The CIA (Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability) triangle is concerned with three facets of security. Integrity is the concern that data not be altered without it being traceable. Availability is the concern that the data, while being secured, is readily accessible. Answer: D is incorrect. Confidentiality may be implemented with encryption but encryption is just a technique to obtain confidentiality.

Explanation: The mission and business process level is the Tier 2. It addresses risks from the mission and business process perspective. It is guided by the risk decisions at Tier 1. The various Tier 2 activities are as follows: It defines the core missions and business processes for the organization. It also prioritizes missions and business processes, with respect to the goals and objectives of the organization. It defines the types of information that an organization requires, to successfully execute the stated missions and business processes. It helps in developing an organization-wide information protection strategy and incorporating high-level information security requirements. It specifies the degree of autonomy for the subordinate organizations.

Explanation: The various phases of NIST SP 800-37 C&A are as follows: Phase 1: Initiation- This phase includes preparation, notification and resource identification. It performs the security plan analysis, update, and acceptance. Phase 2: Security Certification- The Security certification phase evaluates the controls and documentation. Phase 3: Security Accreditation- The security accreditation phase examines the residual risk for acceptability, and prepares the final security accreditation package. Phase 4: Continuous Monitoring-This phase monitors the configuration management and control, ongoing security control verification, and status reporting and documentation.

Explanation: Following are the various U.S. Federal Government information security standards: AC Access Control AT Awareness and Training AU Audit and Accountability CA Certification, Accreditation, and Security Assessments CM Configuration Management CP Contingency Planning IA Identification and Authentication IR Incident Response MA Maintenance MP Media Protection PE Physical and Environmental Protection PL Planning PS Personnel Security RA Risk Assessment SA System and Services Acquisition SC System and Communications Protection SI System and Information Integrity Answer: B is incorrect. Information systems acquisition, development, and maintenance is an International information security standard.