Example.com hosts its internal document repository on Amazon EC2 instances. The application runs on EC2 instances and previously stored the documents on encrypted Amazon EBS volumes. To optimize the application for scale, example.com has moved the files to Amazon S3. The security team has mandated that all the files are securely deleted from the EBS volume, and it must certify that the data is unreadable before releasing the underlying disks. Which of the following methods will ensure that the data is unreadable by anyone else?

A. Change the volume encryption on the EBS volume to use a different encryption mechanism. Then, release the EBS volumes back to AWS.
B. Release the volumes back to AWS. AWS immediately wipes the disk after it is deprovisioned.
C. Delete the encryption key used to encrypt the EBS volume. Then, release the EBS volumes back to AWS.
D. Delete the data by using the operating system delete commands. Run Quick Format on the drive and then release the EBS volumes back to AWS.

A Security Analyst attempted to troubleshoot the monitoring of suspicious security group changes. The Analyst was told that there is an Amazon CloudWatch alarm in place for these AWS CloudTrail log events. The Analyst tested the monitoring setup by making a configuration change to the security group but did not receive any alerts. Which of the following troubleshooting steps should the Analyst perform?

A. Ensure that CloudTrail and S3 bucket access logging is enabled for the Analyst's AWS account. B. Verify that a metric filter was created and then mapped to an alarm. Check the alarm notification action.
B. Check the CloudWatch dashboards to ensure that there is a metric configured with an appropriate dimension for security group changes.
C. Verify that the Analyst's account is mapped to an IAM policy that includes permissions for cloudwatch: GetMetricStatistics and Cloudwatch: ListMetrics.

A company plans to move most of its IT infrastructure to AWS. The company wants to leverage its existing on-premises Active Directory as an identity provider for AWS. Which steps should be taken to authenticate to AWS services using the company's on-premises Active Directory? (Choose three).

A. Create IAM roles with permissions corresponding to each Active Directory group.
B. Create IAM groups with permissions corresponding to each Active Directory group.
C. Create a SAML provider with IAM.
D. Create a SAML provider with Amazon Cloud Directory.
E. Configure AWS as a trusted relying party for the Active Directory
F. Configure IAM as a trusted relying party for Amazon Cloud Directory.

In response to the past DDoS attack experiences, a Security Engineer has set up an Amazon CloudFront distribution for an Amazon S3 bucket. There is concern that some users may bypass the CloudFront distribution and access the S3 bucket directly. What must be done to prevent users from accessing the S3 objects directly by using URLs?

A. Change the S3 bucket/object permission so that only the bucket owner has access.
B. Set up a CloudFront origin access identity (OAI), and change the S3 bucket/object permission so that only the OAI has access.
C. Create IAM roles for CloudFront, and change the S3 bucket/object permission so that only the IAM role has access.
D. Redirect S3 bucket access to the corresponding CloudFront distribution.

A Security Engineer discovers that developers have been adding rules to security groups that allow SSH and RDP traffic from 0.0.0.0/0 instead of the organization firewall IP. What is the most efficient way to remediate the risk of this activity?

A. Delete the internet gateway associated with the VPC.
B. Use network access control lists to block source IP addresses matching 0.0.0.0/0.
C. Use a host-based firewall to prevent access from all but the organization’s firewall IP.
D. Use AWS Config rules to detect 0.0.0.0/0 and invoke an AWS Lambda function to update the security group with the organization's firewall IP.

During a security event, it is discovered that some Amazon EC2 instances have not been sending Amazon CloudWatch logs. Which steps can the Security Engineer take to troubleshoot this issue? (Choose two.)

A. Connect to the EC2 instances that are not sending the appropriate logs and verify that the CloudWatch Logs agent is running.
B. Log in to the AWS account and select CloudWatch Logs. Check for any monitored EC2 instances that are in the “Alerting” state and restart them using the EC2 console.
C. Verify that the EC2 instances have a route to the public AWS API endpoints.
D. Connect to the EC2 instances that are not sending logs. Use the command prompt to verify that the right permissions have been set for the Amazon SNS topic.
E. Verify that the network access control lists and security groups of the EC2 instances have the access to send logs over SNMP.

A Security Engineer must add additional protection to a legacy web application by adding the following HTTP security headers:
-Content Security-Policy
-X-Frame-Options
-X-XSS-Protection
The Engineer does not have access to the source code of the legacy web application. Which of the following approaches would meet this requirement?

A. Configure an Amazon Route 53 routing policy to send all web traffic that does not include the required headers to a black hole.
B. Implement an AWS Lambda@Edge origin response function that inserts the required headers.
C. Migrate the legacy application to an Amazon S3 static website and front it with an Amazon CloudFront distribution.
D. Construct an AWS WAF rule to replace existing HTTP headers with the required security headers by using regular expressions.

An organization is using AWS CloudTrail, Amazon CloudWatch Logs, and Amazon CloudWatch to send alerts when new access keys are created. However, the alerts are no longer appearing in the Security Operations mail box. Which of the following actions would resolve this issue?

A. In CloudTrail, verify that the trail logging bucket has a log prefix configured.
B. In Amazon SNS, determine whether the “Account spend limit” has been reached for this alert.
C. In SNS, ensure that the subscription used by these alerts has not been deleted.
D. In CloudWatch, verify that the alarm threshold “consecutive periods” value is equal to, or greater than 1.

Which of the following is the most efficient way to automate the encryption of AWS CloudTrail logs using a Customer Master Key (CMK) in AWS KMS?

A. Use the KMS direct encrypt function on the log data every time a CloudTrail log is generated.
B. Use the default Amazon S3 server-side encryption with S3-managed keys to encrypt and decrypt the CloudTrail logs.
C. Configure CloudTrail to use server-side encryption using KMS-managed keys to encrypt and decrypt CloudTrail logs.
D. Use encrypted API endpoints so that all AWS API calls generate encrypted CloudTrail log entries using the TLS certificate from the encrypted API call.

A company has a forensic logging use case whereby several hundred applications running on Docker on EC2 need to send logs to a central location. The Security Engineer must create a logging solution that is able to perform real-time analytics on the log files, grants the ability to replay events, and persists data. Which AWS Services, together, can satisfy this use case? (Choose two.)

A. Amazon Elasticsearch
B. Amazon Kinesis
C. Amazon SQS
D. Amazon CloudWatch
E. Amazon Athena